应用场景
- 需要增加参数,但是不想或者不能修改接口。
- 放置一些线程不安全,但是反复构建会比较耗内存或者CPU的对象,同步访问又会导致锁竞争。比如SimpleDateFormat。
实现原理
本质上就是一个以threadId为key的Map。
实战例子——Spring Transaction Manager
事务管理可能会跨越好几个Service方法,如何在这些Service调用之间保存签名service的事务定义和数据库链接信息呢(需要这些信息决定事务的行为,比如determines if there is an existing transaction; ),特别是事务id?Spring就是通过ThreadLocal来实现的(@see TransactionSynchronizationManager`) 。具体参见这篇文章:写的非常详细:Spring @Transactional explained
InheritableThreadLocal
package java.lang;
import java.lang.ref.*;
/**
* This class extends <tt>ThreadLocal</tt> to provide inheritance of values
* from parent thread to child thread: when a child thread is created, the
* child receives initial values for all inheritable thread-local variables
* for which the parent has values. Normally the child's values will be
* identical to the parent's; however, the child's value can be made an
* arbitrary function of the parent's by overriding the <tt>childValue</tt>
* method in this class.
*
* <p>Inheritable thread-local variables are used in preference to
* ordinary thread-local variables when the per-thread-attribute being
* maintained in the variable (e.g., User ID, Transaction ID) must be
* automatically transmitted to any child threads that are created.
*
* @author Josh Bloch and Doug Lea
* @version %I%, %G%
* @see ThreadLocal
* @since 1.2
*/
public class InheritableThreadLocal<T> extends ThreadLocal<T> {
/**
* Computes the child's initial value for this inheritable thread-local
* variable as a function of the parent's value at the time the child
* thread is created. This method is called from within the parent
* thread before the child is started.
* <p>
* This method merely returns its input argument, and should be overridden
* if a different behavior is desired.
*
* @param parentValue the parent thread's value
* @return the child thread's initial value
*/
protected T childValue(T parentValue) {
return parentValue;
}
/**
* Get the map associated with a ThreadLocal.
*
* @param t the current thread
*/
ThreadLocalMap getMap(Thread t) {
return t.inheritableThreadLocals;
}
/**
* Create the map associated with a ThreadLocal.
*
* @param t the current thread
* @param firstValue value for the initial entry of the table.
* @param map the map to store.
*/
void createMap(Thread t, T firstValue) {
t.inheritableThreadLocals = new ThreadLocalMap(this, firstValue);
}
}
参考文档
- Understanding the concept behind ThreadLocal
- Java Thread Local – How to use and code sample
- Spring @Transactional explained
- 使用Java构造高可扩展应用——如何实现一个高效且多线程安全的队列